Excel Formulas Every Financial Analyst Should Know: Explained with Examples 2025

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These formulas are fundamental for financial analysis, decision-making, and planning, providing insights into investment returns, loan terms, and overall financial performance.

  1. PV (Present Value):
  • This formula calculates the present value of an investment or loan. It’s based on the concept that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future due to its potential earning capacity.
  • Parameters:
    • Rate: The interest rate per period.
    • Nper: The total number of payment periods.
    • Pmt: The payment made each period.
    • Fv (optional): The future value or cash balance after the last payment. Default is 0.
    • Calculation Application: Used to find the present value of an investment or loan.
    • Example: =PV(rate, nper, pmt, [fv]). If you’re planning to invest $10,000 for 5 years at an annual interest rate of 5%, you would use =PV(5%, 5, 0, 10000).
  • Example: Calculating how much you should invest today to achieve a future value target or to evaluate loan terms.
  1. FV (Future Value):
  • This formula computes the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
  • Parameters:
    • Rate: The interest rate per period.
    • Nper: The total number of payment periods.
    • Pmt: The payment made each period.
    • Pv (optional): The present value or starting amount of the investment. Default is 0.
    • Calculation Application: Determines the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
    • Example: =FV(rate, nper, pmt, [pv]). If you invest $500 per month for 10 years with an annual interest rate of 7%, you would use =FV(7%/12, 10*12, -500).
  • Example: Projecting the future value of an investment or savings plan.
  1. NPV (Net Present Value):
  • NPV calculates the net present value of a series of cash flows, taking into account the time value of money. It’s used to determine whether an investment will be profitable.
  • Parameters:
    • Rate: The discount rate used to calculate the present value of future cash flows.
    • Value1, Value2, …: The series of cash flows.
    • Calculation Application: Used to evaluate the profitability of an investment by comparing its present value with the initial investment.
    • Example: =NPV(rate, value1, [value2], ...). If you invest $10,000 today and expect cash flows of $3,000, $4,000, and $5,000 over the next three years with a discount rate of 8%, you would use =NPV(8%, -10000, 3000, 4000, 5000).
  • Example: Evaluating the profitability of an investment or project by comparing the present value of its cash inflows and outflows.
  1. IRR (Internal Rate of Return):
  • IRR calculates the discount rate at which the net present value of cash flows equals zero. It represents the annualized effective compounded rate of return on an investment.
  • Parameters:
    • Values: The series of cash flows.
    • Guess (optional): An initial guess for the IRR. Default is 0.1 (10%).
    • Calculation Application: Helps determine the rate of return of an investment, i.e., the discount rate at which the net present value of all cash flows from the investment equals zero.
    • Example: =IRR(values, [guess]). If you have a series of cash flows for an investment (-1000, 200, 200, 300, 400, 500) over five years, you would use =IRR({-1000, 200, 200, 300, 400, 500}).
  • Example: Determining the annualized rate of return for an investment or project.
  1. PAYMENT:
  • PAYMENT calculates the periodic payment for an annuity based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
  • Parameters:
    • Rate: The interest rate per period.
    • Nper: The total number of payment periods.
    • Pv: The present value or principal amount.
    • Calculation Application: Computes the periodic payment for an annuity based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
    • Example: =PMT(rate, nper, pv, [fv], [type]). If you’re planning to take out a loan of $50,000 for 5 years at an annual interest rate of 6%, you would use =PMT(6%/12, 5*12, 50000).
  • Example: Determining the monthly payment for a loan or mortgage.
  1. RATE:
  • RATE calculates the interest rate per period of an annuity. It’s often used to determine the interest rate on loans or investments.
  • Parameters:
    • Nper: The total number of payment periods.
    • Pmt: The payment made each period (must be constant).
    • Pv: The present value or principal amount.
    • Calculation Application: Calculates the interest rate per period of an annuity.
    • Example: =RATE(nper, pmt, pv, [fv], [type], [guess]). If you’re considering a loan with monthly payments of $300 for 5 years on a $15,000 loan, you would use =RATE(5*12, 300, -15000).
  • Example: Finding the interest rate on a loan given the loan amount, payment amount, and number of payments.
  1. CUMIPMT (Cumulative Interest Paid):
  • CUMIPMT calculates the cumulative interest paid between two periods in a loan or investment.
  • Parameters:
    • Rate: The interest rate per period.
    • Nper: The total number of payment periods.
    • Pv: The present value or principal amount.
    • Start_period: The starting period for calculating cumulative interest.
    • End_period: The ending period for calculating cumulative interest.
    • Calculation Application: Helps to calculate the cumulative interest paid between two periods in a loan or investment.
    • Example: =CUMIPMT(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, [type]). If you have a loan with an annual interest rate of 5%, a term of 3 years, and a principal of $10,000, you would use =CUMIPMT(5%/12, 3*12, 10000, 1, 36).
  • Example: Determining the total interest paid on a loan within a specific time frame.
  1. CUMPRINC (Cumulative Principal Paid):
  • CUMPRINC calculates the cumulative principal paid between two periods in a loan or investment.
  • Parameters:
    • Rate: The interest rate per period.
    • Nper: The total number of payment periods.
    • Pv: The present value or principal amount.
    • Start_period: The starting period for calculating cumulative principal.
    • End_period: The ending period for calculating cumulative principal.
    • Calculation Application: Computes the cumulative principal paid between two periods in a loan or investment.
    • Example: =CUMPRINC(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, [type]). If you have a loan with an annual interest rate of 5%, a term of 3 years, and a principal of $10,000, you would use =CUMPRINC(5%/12, 3*12, 10000, 1, 36).
  • Example: Calculating the total principal repayment on a loan within a specific time frame.

These formulas are fundamental for financial analysis, decision-making, and planning, providing insights into investment returns, loan terms, and overall financial performance.

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